What is covered Area and plinth Area in building ?

                                       Difference between covered area and plinth area

when we go to purchase the flat we should know the covered area and plinth area. because price of building  is depended upon the plinth area of building. actually party toled us that the covered area of building area is this and the plinth area is this.

Covered Area :- It is the area covered by the building above the plinth area. wall structures staircase gate and swimming pools are not comes in this area.

Plinth Area :- It is the built up covered area measures at floor level of the basement.

Types of Bonds in brick masonry.

                                                          
                                                            Types of Bonding

Bonding - It is the process arrangement of the bricks with mortar to tie them together. Bonding is neccesary to avoid the continuous vertical joints. There are 14 types of bonds in brick masonry.

(1). Stretcher Bond :- In this type bricks are laid with their length in the direction of wall. This pattern is used only for the walls having thickness 90mm only.

(2). Header Bond :- In this bricks are laid with their Ends towards the face of wall. used for one brick thick walls, also used in curved walls.

(3). English bonds :- In this alternate course of strecher and header are laid.queen closer is placed after the first header in the heading course to avoid vertical joints.

(4). Double flemish bond :- In this bond alternete header and strecher are laid to each course. these bonds are good in appearance. Queen closer is placed next to the quoin header alternate course to avoid vertical joints.

(5). Single flemish bonds :- these bonds have double felmish in facing and english bond in backing in each course. Minimum thickness requred for these bonds is 1 1/2 brick. construction of these bonds requred skilled labour.

(6). Garden wall bonds :- these bonds are used in construction of garden compound walls.
 is placed next to the 3/4 bat in every alternative strecher courses.

(7). Facing bonds :- In this different thickness bricks are used in facing and backing of wall. in this header course is placed after several stretcher courses.

(8). Dutch bonds :- This is the modify form of english bond In strecher bond 3/4 bat is used as quoin. A header

(9). :- Raking Bonds :- In this alternet courses are placed in different directions.the raking courses are laid at certain intervell along the hight of the wall in very thick walls having no. of headers more then the no. of stretchers in between the facing and backing.

(10). Zigzag Bonds :- This is used in the paving the brick floors. bricks are arranged in zigzag.

(11). English cross bonds :- They have more strength then english bond. In this every alternate strecher course has a header placed next to the quoins strecher.

(12). Brick on edge bond or soldier bond :- In this types of bponds bricks are laid on edges these bonds are economical bbur week in strength. bbricks are placed as header and stretcher in alternate courses in such a manner that header are placed on bed and strecher are placed on edges forming continuous cavity.

(13). Bound in column :- column shape may be rectangulaer square circuler, english and flemish bbonds are used in the column.

(14). Bond at junction :- A point where two walls meet each other called junction. there are two junctions Tee junction and Cross junction.

Types of Rubble masonry

                                          
                                                  Types of Rubble masonry

Stone masonry is divided in in two :-
(a). Rubble masonry
(b). Ashlar masonry

Rubble masonry :- In this category the stone used have either undressed or roughly dressed have wider joints, they are again subdivided as:-

(1). Uncoursed rubble masonry:- this is the cheapest, roughest and poorest form of stone masonry. Stones used in this masonry h
ave uneven shape and size and thickness of joints kept not more then 13mm.

(2). Uncoursed random Rubble :- The week corners and edges are removed with hammer, The vertical joints are not constructed in plumb. Generally bigger stones are employed as Quoins and Jambs to increase strength of masonry.

(3). Uncoursed Squared Rubble :- In this stones are make roughly squared. they can be of varrying size and are placed in irregular pattern. joints are made uniforms.

(4). Coursed Random Rubble :- these masonry are used in low hight walls or public buildings. The stones employed are 50mm to 200mm size.The joints are abbout 15mm thick. hight of each course in same.

(5). Coursed Square Rubble :- This type of masonry is made up of hammer squared stone facing with bonded backing of uncoursed random rubble masonry.These stones employed in each course are of equal hight. The hight of courses may be reduced in upper portion of wall.

(6). Built to regular Courses :- In this masonry uniform hight of stones are used in horizontal layers not less then 150mm in hight. The stones are arranged in suh a manner so that vertical joint not conside with continues courses.

(7). Polygonal Rubble masonry :- In this stones are roughly dressed to irregular polygonal shape. chips should not be used to support stones on facing.

(8). Flint Rubble masonry :- This type of masonry is used in the areas where flint is available in plentry. their thickness varies from 80mm to 150mm and in length from 150mm to 300mm.

(9). Dry rubble masonry :- This type of masonry is used in the constructiopn of retaining walls, pitching earthen dams and canal slops in the form of random rubble masonry without any mortar.





 

Types of Foundation ?

                                                    
                                                          TYPES OF Foundations

Foundtion is the part of the building which comes directly contac to groung, it transfeer the load of struccture  to the soil. It provides the level surface for the structure. It prevent the diffential settlement of structure.

Types of foundation depends upon the type of structure and type of soil under the structure.

foundation is devided in two parts:-

(A). SHALLOW OR OPEN FOUNDATION :- A foundation is said to be shallow if Depth of foundatyion is equale to or less then width of foundation. there are Seven types of shallow foundation.

(1). Wall footing:- These are used for light structures. the width of base of concrete is at least equal to Twice of width of wall. The depth of concreat bed is atlest kept equal to projection and projection is generally kept 15cm.

(2). Isolated or Column foundation:- They are used to support individual column Generally 15cm offset is provided on all sides of concreat.They may be either stepped type or have projection in concreat.

(3). Combined footing:- These type of footing supports two or more column. Generally they are constucted by concrete. if column carry equale loads footing may be rectanguler in shape Or can be trapezoidal if footing carry unequal loads

(4). Inverted Arch foundation :- This types of structures are used on soft soil to reduce the depth of foundation. Loads above an opening are transmitted from supporting walls through inverted arches to the soil.

(5). Continuous Footings :- A single RCC slab is provided as foundation for two or three or more columns.

(6). Strap or cantilever footings :- these footing are combination of two or more individual footings. these are used at a place where distance between columns is so more.

(7). Grillarge footings:- These footings are used to transmit the heavy loads from steel column to saoil having low bearing capacity. It is made up of rolled steel joists known as grillage beams provided in single or double tiers.

(B). RAFT FOUNDATION :- A or Mat is combined footing that covers the entire area of structure. when structural loads are heavy use of these footings covers more then half of the building area. These rafts may go large settlement without cause harmful differential settlement. When Hard soil is not available to 1.5 to 2.5 mtr these footing are used..

(C). DEEP FOUNDATIONS :- These are used for soils have low bearing capacity. These foundations are in general used as basement, cylinders, shafts and piles.

(1). PILE FOUNDATION :- Pile foundation is a construction supported on piles. Piles may be composed of Timber, concreat or steel, or combination of them.They may be INSITU or PRECAST.

Types of piles :-
1. Bearing piles
2. Frictional piles
3. Screw Piles
4. compaction piles.
  

Minimum estimated quantity of steel in Slab, Coloum, Beam?

Mininum percentage of steel taken in slab,Beams, and Columns.


Steel reinforcement is calculated as per detailed drawing.
The percentage of steel rainforcement is depends on the design of structure.In absence of detailed drawings of design the percentage of steel concrete may be taken approximate:-

The Density of steel is taken as 7.85 T/cum
Or 7850kg/cum


(1). Lintels or Slab :- 0.7 to 1.0%

(2). Beams    :-  1.0 to 2.0%

(3). Columns :- 1.0 to 5.0%

(4). Foundation Raft, Footings  :- 0.5 to 0.8%

For small Span and light loads less steel is required and for bigger span and heavier loads Greater amount of Steel required.

Eg:-
For lintels or slab:-

        7850×0.7/100  TO  7850×1/100

So,   54.95 kg/cum To 78.50 kg/cum

For Beams:-
         7850×1/100 To 7850×2/100

  So, 78.5kg/cum To 196.25kg/cum

For Columns:- 
         7850×1/100 To 7850×5/100

So,    78.5kg/cum To 392.5kg/cum

Types of Bricks in civil construction work ?

We all know that Bricks play a vital role in the building construction work,
Generally, There are Three Types of bricks in construction :-
(A). First Class Bricks
(B). Second Class Bricks
(C). Third Class Bricks

(A). First Class Bricks :- These Bricks have following features
                          (1). They have uniform colour.
                          (2). They have uniform size.
                          (3). Water absorption is less then 20% if immersed in water foor 24 hours.
                          (4). Crushing strength of bricks is 105 kg/cm2.
                          (5). They are uniformly burnt..
                          (6). These bricks have high quality.
                        
(B). Second Class Bricks :- These bricks have following features
                          (1). Quality of these bricks is little bit less then first class bricks.
                          (2). Size may be slightly differ .

                          (3). Water absorption is less then 22% if immersed in water foor 24 hours.

                          (4). Crushing strength of bricks is 70 kg/cm2.

                          (5). These bricks may be slightly over or less burnt.

 (B). Second Class Bricks :- These bricks have following features

                          (1). Quality of these bricks is not so good.

                          (2). Size may be differ .

                          (3). Water absorption is less then 25% if immersed in water foor 24 hours.

                          (4). Crushing strength of bricks is 30 kg/cm2.

                          (5). These bricks may be over burnt or less burnt

Note:- bricks are also classified by material.

              

How many sqr feet in 1sqr meter ?

Now we convert the 1sqr meter in square feet ?

we know,

              25.4mm = 1 inch

             25.4*12mm = 1inch*12  (multiply both sides by 12)

      So,  25.4*12mm = 1 feet    ( becouse 12inch=1feet)

Then,     1mm = 1/25.4*12 feet

             1000mm = 1*1000/(25.4*12) feet

   OR,   1mtr = 3.280 feet 

Then,  1meter sqr = 3.280^2 = 3.280*3.280

                            = 10.758 sqr feet